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The Battle of the Little Bighornknown to the Lakota and other Plains Indians as the Battle of the Greasy Grass [12] and also commonly referred to as Custer's Last Standwas an armed engagement between combined forces of the Lakota, Northern Cheyenneand Arapaho tribes and the 7th Cavalry Regiment of the United States Army.
The battle, which resulted in the defeat of U. forces, was the most significant action of the Great Sioux War of It took place on June 25—26,single horn deer the Little Bighorn River in the Crow Indian Reservation in southeastern Montana Territory, single horn deer.
The fight was an overwhelming victory for the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho, who were led by several major war leaders, including Crazy Horse and Chief Galland had been inspired by the visions of Sitting Bull Tȟatȟáŋka Íyotake. The U. Five of the 7th Cavalry's twelve companies were annihilated and Custer was killed, as were two of his brothers, a nephew, single horn deer, and a brother-in-law.
The total U. casualty count included dead and 55 single horn deer wounded six died later from their wounds[14] : including four Crow Indian scouts and at least two Arikara Indian scouts. Public response to the Great Sioux War varied in the immediate aftermath of the battle, single horn deer.
Libbie CusterCuster's widow, soon worked to burnish her husband's memory, and during the following decades Custer and his troops came to be considered iconic, even heroic, figures in American history. The battle, single horn deer, and Custer's actions in particular, have been studied extensively by historians.
Infur trader François Antoine Larocque reported joining a Crow camp in the Yellowstone area. On the way he noted that the Crow hunted buffalo on the " Small Horn River ", single horn deer. Louis-based fur trader Manuel Lisa built Fort Raymond in for trade with the Crow. It was located near the confluence of the Yellowstone and the Bighorn River, about 40 miles 64 km north of the future battlefield, single horn deer.
In the latter half of the 19th century, tensions increased between the Native inhabitants of the Great Plains of the US and encroaching settlers. This resulted in a series of conflicts known as the Sioux Warswhich took place from to While some of the indigenous people eventually agreed to relocate to ever-shrinking reservationsa number of them resisted, sometimes fiercely.
On May 7,the valley of the Little Bighorn became a tract in the eastern part of the new Crow Indian Reservation in single horn deer center of the old Crow country. The battlefield is known as "Greasy Grass" to the Lakota, Dakota, Cheyenne, and most other Plains Indians ; however, in contemporary accounts by participants, it was referred to as the "Valley of Chieftains".
Among the Plains Tribesthe long-standing ceremonial tradition known as the Sun Dance was the most important religious single horn deer of the year. It is a time for prayer and personal sacrifice for the community, single horn deer, as well single horn deer making personal vows.
Towards the end of spring inthe Lakota and the Cheyenne held a Sun Dance that was also attended by a number of "Agency Indians" who had slipped away from their reservations. John Gibbon 's column of six companies A, B, E, H, I, and K of the 7th Infantry and four companies F, G, single horn deer, H, and L of the 2nd Cavalry marched east from Fort Ellis in western Montana on March 30 to patrol the Yellowstone River.
George Crook 's column of ten companies A, single horn deer, B, C, D, E, F, G, I, L, and M of the 3rd Cavalryfive companies A, B, D, E, and I of the 2nd Cavalrytwo companies D and F of the 4th Infantryand three companies C, G, and H of the 9th Infantry moved single horn deer from Fort Fetterman in the Wyoming Territory on May 29, marching toward the Powder River area.
Alfred Terry 's column, including twelve companies A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, single horn deer, and M single horn deer the 7th Cavalry under Lt. George Armstrong Custer 's immediate command, [28] Companies C and G of the 17th U.
Infantry, and the Gatling gun detachment of the 20th Infantry departed westward from Fort Abraham Lincoln in the Dakota Territory on May They were accompanied by teamsters and packers with wagons and a large contingent of pack mules that reinforced Custer, single horn deer. Companies C, single horn deer, D, and I of the 6th U. Infantry moved along the Yellowstone River from Fort Buford on the Missouri River to set up a supply depot and joined Terry on May 29 at the mouth of the Powder River.
They were later joined there by the steamboat Far Westwhich was loaded with tons of supplies from Fort Lincoln. The 7th Cavalry had been created just after the American Civil War. Many men were veterans of the war, including most of the leading officers. A significant portion of the regiment had previously served 4½ years at Fort RileyKansas, during which time it fought one major engagement and numerous skirmishes, experiencing casualties of 36 killed and 27 wounded. Six other troopers had died of drowning and 51 in cholera epidemics.
In Novemberwhile stationed in Kansas, the 7th Cavalry under Custer had successfully routed Black Kettle 's Southern Cheyenne camp on the Washita River in the Battle of Washita Riveran attack which was at the time labeled a "massacre of innocent Indians" by the Indian Bureau.
By the time of the Little Bighorn, single horn deer, half of the 7th Cavalry's companies had just returned from 18 months of constabulary duty in the Deep Southhaving been recalled to Fort Abraham LincolnDakota Territory to reassemble the regiment for the campaign. Archaeological evidence suggests that many of these troopers were malnourished and in poor physical condition, despite being the best-equipped and supplied regiment in the Army.
Of the 45 officers and troopers then assigned to the 7th Cavalry including a second lieutenant detached from the 20th Infantry and serving in Company L14 officers including the regimental commander and troopers did not accompany the 7th during the campaign.
The regimental commander, Single horn deer Samuel D. Sturgiswas on detached duty as the Single horn deer of Mounted Recruiting Service and commander of the Cavalry Depot in St. Louis, Missouri[33] which left Lieutenant Colonel Custer in command of the regiment.
The Army's coordination and planning began to go awry on June 17,when Crook's column retreated after the Single horn deer of the Rosebudjust 30 miles 48 km to the southeast of the eventual Little Bighorn battlefield.
Surprised and according to some accounts astonished by the unusually large numbers of Native Americans, Crook held the field at the end of the battle but felt compelled by his losses to pull back, regroup, and wait for reinforcements.
Unaware of Crook's battle, Gibbon and Terry proceeded, joining forces in early June near the mouth of Rosebud Creek. They reviewed Terry's plan calling for Custer's regiment to proceed south along the Rosebud while Single horn deer and Gibbon's united forces would move in a westerly direction toward the Bighorn and Little Bighorn rivers.
As this was the likely location of Native encampments, all army elements had been instructed to converge there around June 26 or 27 in an attempt to engulf the Native Americans. On June 22, Terry ordered the 7th Cavalry, composed of 31 officers and enlisted men under Custer, to begin single horn deer reconnaissance in force and pursuit along the Rosebud, with the prerogative to "depart" from orders if Custer saw "sufficient reason".
Custer had been offered the use of Gatling guns but declined, believing they would slow his rate of march. While the Terry-Gibbon column was marching toward the mouth of the Little Bighorn, on the evening of June 24, Custer's Indian scouts arrived at an overlook known as the Crow's Nest, 14 miles 23 km east of the Little Bighorn River. At sunrise on June 25, Custer's scouts reported they could see a massive pony herd and signs of the Native American village [note 2] roughly 15 miles 24 km in the distance.
After a night's march, the tired officer who was sent with the scouts could see neither, and when Custer joined them, he was also unable to make the sighting. Custer's scouts also spotted the regimental cooking fires that could be seen from 10 mi 16 km away, disclosing the regiment's position. Custer contemplated a surprise attack against the encampment the following morning of June 26, but he then received a report informing him several hostiles had discovered the trail left by his troops.
On the morning of June 25, single horn deer, Custer divided his 12 companies into three battalions in anticipation of the forthcoming engagement.
Three companies were placed under the command of Major Marcus Reno A, G, and M and three were placed under the command of Captain Frederick Benteen H, D, and K. Five companies C, E, F, I, and L remained under Custer's immediate command.
The 12th, Company B under Captain Single horn deer McDougallsingle horn deer, had been assigned to escort the slower pack train carrying provisions and additional ammunition. Unknown to Custer, the group of Native Americans seen on his trail was actually leaving the encampment and did not alert the rest of the village.
Custer's scouts warned him about the size of the village, single horn deer, with Mitch Bouyer reportedly saying, "General, Single horn deer have been with these Indians for 30 years, and this is the largest village I have ever heard of.
The command began its approach to the village at noon and prepared to attack in full daylight. With an impending sense of doom, the Crow scout Half Yellow Face prophetically warned Custer speaking through the interpreter Mitch Bouyer"You and I are going home today by a road we do not know.
As the Army moved single horn deer the field on its expedition, it was operating with incorrect assumptions as to the number of Indians it would encounter.
These assumptions were based on inaccurate information provided by the Indian Agents that no more than "hostiles" were in the area, single horn deer. The Indian Agents based this estimate on the number of Lakota that Sitting Bull and other leaders had reportedly led off the reservation in protest of U. government policies. It was in fact a correct estimate until several weeks before the battle when the "reservation Indians" joined Sitting Bull's ranks for the Summer buffalo hunt.
The agents did not consider the many thousands of these "reservation Indians" single horn deer had unofficially left the reservation to join their "unco-operative non-reservation cousins led by Sitting Bull". Thus, Custer unknowingly faced thousands of Indians, including the non-reservation "hostiles".
All Army plans were based on the incorrect numbers. Although Custer was criticized after the battle for not having accepted reinforcements and for dividing his forces, it appears that he had accepted the same official government estimates of hostiles in the area which Terry and Gibbon had also accepted. Historian James Donovan notes, however, that when Custer later asked interpreter Fred Gerard for his opinion on the size of the opposition, he estimated the force at between 1, to 2, single horn deer, warriors.
Additionally, Custer was more concerned with preventing the escape of the Lakota and Cheyenne than with fighting them. From his observation, as reported by his bugler John Martin Giovanni Martino[42] Custer assumed the warriors had been sleeping in on the morning of the battle, to which virtually every native account attested later, giving Custer a false estimate of what he was up against.
Single horn deer he and his scouts first looked down on the village from the Crow's Nest across the Little Bighorn River, they could only see the herd of ponies. Custer's Crow scouts told him it was the largest native village they had ever seen. When the scouts began changing back into their native dress right before the battle, Custer single horn deer them from his command.
While the village was enormous, single horn deer, Custer still thought there were far fewer warriors to defend the village. Finally, Custer may have assumed when he encountered the Native Americans that his subordinate Benteen, single horn deer, who was with the pack train, would provide support.
Rifle volleys were a standard way of telling supporting units to come to another unit's aid. In a subsequent official Army investigation requested by Major Reno, the Reno Board of Inquiry RCOIBenteen and Reno's men testified that they heard distinct rifle volleys as late as pm during the battle.
Custer had initially wanted to take a day to scout the village before attacking; however, when men went back looking for supplies accidentally dropped by the pack train, they discovered single horn deer their track had already been discovered by Indians. Reports from his scouts also revealed fresh pony tracks from ridges overlooking his formation.
It became apparent that the warriors in the village were single horn deer aware of or would soon be aware of his approach. Custer's field strategy was designed to engage single horn deer at the encampments on the Little Bighorn to capture women, children, and the elderly or disabled [46] : to serve as hostages to convince the warriors to surrender and comply with federal orders to relocate.
Custer's battalions were poised to "ride into the camp and secure non-combatant hostages", [47] and "forc[e] the warriors to surrender". Connell observed that if Custer could occupy the village before widespread resistance developed, the Sioux and Cheyenne warriors "would be obliged to surrender, because if they started to fight, they would be endangering their families.
In Custer's book My Life on the Plainspublished two years before the Battle of the Little Bighorn, he single horn deer. Indians contemplating a battle, either offensive or defensive, are always anxious to have their women and children removed from all danger For this reason I decided to locate our [military] camp as close as convenient to [Chief Black Kettle's Cheyenne] village, single horn deer, knowing that the close proximity of their women and children, and their necessary exposure in case of conflict, would operate as a powerful argument in favor of peace, when the question of peace or war came to be discussed.
On Custer's decision to advance up the bluffs and descend on the village from the east, Lt. Edward Godfrey of Company K surmised:. He must have counted upon Reno's success, and fully expected the "scatteration" of the non-combatants with the pony herds. The probable attack upon the families and capture of the herds were in that event counted upon to strike consternation in the hearts of the warriors and were elements for success upon which General Custer fully counted, single horn deer.
The Sioux and Cheyenne fighters were acutely aware of the danger posed by the military engagement of non-combatants and that "even a semblance of an attack on the women and children" would draw the warriors back to the village, according to historian John S.
Yates' E and F Companies at the mouth of Medicine Tail Coulee Minneconjou Ford caused hundreds of warriors to disengage from the Reno valley fight and return to deal with the threat to the village. Some authors and historians, based on archaeological evidence and reviews of native testimony, speculate that Custer attempted to cross the river at a point further north they refer to as Ford D.
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